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1931 Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations,
infects human subjects with cancer cells. He later
goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare
facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named
to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he
begins a series of radiation exposure experiments on
American soldiers and civilian hospital patients.
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1932 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men
diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness,
are denied treatment, and instead are used as human
guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms
of the disease. They all subsequently die from syphilis,
their families never told that they could have been treated.
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1935 The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals
die from Pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S.
Public Health Service finally acts to stem the disease.
The director of the agency admits it had known for at
least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin
deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths
occurred within poverty-stricken black populations.
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1940 Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with
Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental
drugs to combat the disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at
Nuremberg cite this American study to defend their own actions
during the Holocaust.
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1942 Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments
on approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue
until 1945 and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to
become human guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.
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1943 In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program,
the U.S. begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick,
MD.
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1944 U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and
clothing. Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed
to mustard gas and lewisite.
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1945 Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department,
Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer
them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top
secret government projects in the United States.
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1945 "Program F" is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health
effects of fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic
bomb production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man,
fluoride, it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central
nervous system but much of the information is squelched in the name
of national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine
full-scale production of atomic bombs.
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1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for
medical experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is
given to change the word "experiments" to
"investigations" or "observations" whenever
reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's veteran's
hospitals.
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1947 Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8,
1947) stating that the agency will begin administering intravenous
doses of radioactive substances to human subjects.
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1947 The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for
use by American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and
military) are used with and without their knowledge.
- 1950 Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear
weapons in desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical
problems and mortality rates.
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1950 I n an experiment to determine how susceptible an American
city would be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud
of bacteria from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring devices are
situated throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection.
Many residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.
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1951 Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-
producing bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is
concern that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.
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1953 U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over
Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocracy River
Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to
determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.
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1953 Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of
thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the
airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.
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1953 CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research
program designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that
would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six of the
subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.
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1955 The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human
populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn from
the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, FL
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1955 Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research, studying its
potential use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More than 1,000
Americans participate in the tests, which continue until 1958.
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1956 U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever
over Savannah, GA and Avon Park, FL Following each test, Army agents
posing as public health officials test victims for effects.
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1958 LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army's Chemical Warfare
Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.
- 1960 The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI)
authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing
of the European population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing
of the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.
1965 Project CIA and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH,
a program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through
the use of
mind-altering drugs.
- 1965 Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are
subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent Orange
used in Vietnam. The men are later studied for development of cancer,
which
indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen
all along.
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1966 CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological
effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.
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1966 U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the
New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are exposed
when army scientists drop light bulbs filled with the bacteria onto
ventilation grates.
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1967 CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor
to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and
chemical weapons.
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1968 CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by
injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington, D.C.
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1969 Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from
congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic
biological
agent to which no natural immunity exists.
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1970 Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under
H.R. 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried
out by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top
secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised that molecular
biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like retroviruses.
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1970 United States intensifies its development of "ethnic weapons"
(Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and eliminate
specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences and
variations in DNA.
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1975 The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare
Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and placed
under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). It is here
that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the U.S. Navy,
purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also here that
retro virologists isolate a virus to which no immunity exists. It is later
named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).
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1977 Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239
populated areas had been contaminated with biological agents between 1949
and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Key West,
Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.
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1978 Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin
in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects
specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.
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1981 First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York,
Los Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have
been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine.
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1985 According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a
fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and
evolutionary relationship.
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1986 According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share all structural
elements, except for a small segment which is nearly identical to HTLV. This
leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been linked to produce a
new retrovirus to which no natural immunity exists.
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1986 A report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current
generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally
occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic engineering
to change immunological character and prevent treatment by all existing
vaccines.
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1987 Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research
and development of biological agents, it continues to operate research
facilities at 127 facilities and universities around the nation.
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1990 More than 1500 six-month old black and Hispanic babies in
Los Angeles are given an "experimental" measles vaccine that
had never been licensed for use in the United States. CDC later
admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine being
injected to their children was experimental.
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1994 With a technique called "gene tracking," Dr. Garth Nicolson
at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning
Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of Mycoplasma
incognitos, a microbe commonly used in the production of biological weapons.
Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat,
indicating that it had been man-made.
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1994 Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for
at least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds of
thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for
intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included
mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemical's,
hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War.
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1995 U.S. Government admits that it had offered Japanese war
criminals and scientists who had performed human medical experiments
salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on
biological warfare research.
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1995 Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents
used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX and Boca Raton,
FL and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections.
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1996 Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed
to chemical agents.
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1997 Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter demanding an
investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.
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